Is the interest you pay on borrowed funds tax deductible? As with many tax-related questions, the answer is, “It depends.”

Different Types

Different categories of interest expenses have different deductibility rules.

Personal interest, such as interest paid by consumers on their personal credit cards, is generally not deductible.

Student loan interest of up to $2,500 is potentially deductible (requirements apply).

Qualified interest on home mortgages of up to $750,000. This applies to properties financed after December 15, 2017. Previously, the limit was $1 million. Interest paid on home equity loans and lines of credit are no longer tax deductible unless they are used to buy, build, or substantially improve the home that secures the loan.

Investment interest is deductible to the extent of “net investment income.”

Trade or business interest is generally deductible in full.

Passive activity interest that is incurred in the course of business or income-producing activities in which you do not materially participate is generally deductible against passive activity income (but rules limit deductions for losses from passive activities).

Tracing

Determining whether interest is deductible may require tracing the loan proceeds to their ultimate use. For example, if you take out a loan secured by business property but then use the entire proceeds to purchase a car for your personal use, the interest on the loan is considered nondeductible personal interest, even though business property is the security for the loan. The rules for matching debt with expenses can get more complicated if you commingle loan proceeds with other, non-loan assets, such as a personal savings account.

Call our CPA today at 661-323-1514 or request a free consultation online to learn more about our tax preparation services.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 lowered the threshold for the deduction of medical and dental expense. The new law permits taxpayers to deduct unreimbursed medical expenses that are in excess of 7.5% of their adjusted gross income (AGI), down from 10% previously. This change, unlike others, was made retroactive to January 1, 2017. To be deductible, the expenses may not be reimbursed by insurance or elsewhere. For example, a family with AGI of $60,000 would have to spend more than $4,500 on unreimbursed medical expenses to qualify for any deduction. That floor rate may seem high, but with the increases in medical costs in recent years, expenses can add up quickly. Many families have no, or little, coverage for vision care or dental care. And an unexpected illness or accident can lead to thousands of dollars of unreimbursed expenses.

Out-of-Pocket Expenses

Only out-of-pocket costs can be deducted, that is, expenses not paid for by insurance or an employer. And expenses that are paid with money from tax-advantaged accounts (such as health savings accounts or flexible spending accounts) are not deductible either. Nor are any health insurance premiums automatically drawn from your paycheck on a pretax basis.

Nonetheless, the list of medical expenses that can qualify for the deduction is quite long. Doctors’ bills, tooth repairs, eyeglasses and contact lenses, hearing aids, laboratory fees, oxygen, psychiatric care, stop-smoking programs, surgery, and X-ray costs, for example, can all qualify. In addition, the expenses of dependent family members can also qualify for deduction.

Call our CPA today at 661-323-1514 or request a free consultation online to learn more about our tax preparation services.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) raises many questions for taxpayers looking to plan for the coming year. Below are answers to some of them.

Do I need to adjust my withholding allowances, given that tax brackets have changed?

You may notice a change in your net paycheck as a result of the tax law, which alters tax rates, brackets, and other items that affect how much tax is withheld from your pay. The IRS has already issued new withholding tables, and your employer should adjust its withholding without requiring any action on your part. But you may want to take the opportunity to make sure you are claiming the appropriate number of withholding allowances by filling out IRS Form W-4. This form is used to determine your withholding based on your filing status and other information. The IRS suggests that you consider completing a new Form W-4 each year and when your personal or financial situation changes.

Can I take advantage of the new deduction for pass-through business income?

The new rules for owners of pass-through entities — partnerships, limited liability companies, S corporations, and sole proprietorships — allow them to deduct 20% of their business pass-through income. The 20% deduction is available to owners of almost any type of trade or business whose taxable income does not exceed $315,000 (joint return) or $157,500 (other returns). Above those amounts, the deduction is subject to certain limitations based on business assets and wages. Different deduction restrictions apply to individuals in specified service businesses (e.g., law, medicine, and accounting).

Can I still deduct mortgage interest and real estate taxes paid on a second home?

Yes, but the new rules limit these deductions. The deduction for total mortgage interest is limited to the amount paid on underlying debt of up to $750,000 ($375,000 for married individuals filing separately). Previously, the limit was $1 million. Note that the new restriction will not apply to taxpayers with home acquisition debt incurred on or before December 15, 2017. Additionally, the deduction for interest on home equity loans (new and existing) is suspended and will not be available for tax years 2018-2025.

Note that the law also establishes a $10,000 limit on the combined total deduction for state and local income (or sales) taxes, real estate taxes, and personal property taxes. As a result, your ability to deduct real estate taxes may be limited.

Are there any changes to capital gains rates and rules that I should know about?

The rules concerning how capital gains are determined and taxed remain essentially unchanged. But since short-term gains (for assets held one year or less) are taxed as ordinary income, they will be taxed at the new ordinary income rates and brackets. Net long-term gains will still be taxed at rates of 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on your taxable income. And the 3.8% net investment income tax that applies to certain high earners will still apply for both types of capital gains.

2018 Long-Term Capital Gains Breakpoints

Can I still deduct my student loan interest?

Yes. Although some earlier versions of the tax bill disallowed the deduction, the final law left it intact. That means that student loan borrowers will still be able to deduct up to $2,500 of the interest they paid during the year on a qualified student loan. The deduction is gradually reduced and eventually eliminated when modified adjusted gross income reaches $80,000 for those whose filing status is single or head of household, and over $165,000 for those filing a joint return.

I have a large family and formerly got to take an exemption for each member. Is there anything in the new law that compensates for the loss of these exemptions?

The new law suspends exemptions for you, your spouse, and dependents. In 2017, each full exemption translated into a $4,050 deduction from taxable income which, for large families, added up. Compensating for this loss, the new law almost doubles the standard deduction to $12,000 for single filers and $24,000 for joint filers. Additionally, the child tax credit is doubled to $2,000 per child, and the income levels at which the credit phases out are significantly increased. Depending on your situation, these new provisions could potentially offset the suspension of personal exemptions.

I have been gifting friends and relatives $14,000 per year to reduce my taxable estate. Can I still do this?

Yes, you may still make an annual gift of up to $15,000 in 2018 (increased from $14,000 in 2017) to as many people as you want without triggering gift tax reporting or using any of your federal estate and gift tax exemption. But TCJA also doubles the exemption to an estimated $11.2 million ($22.4 million for married couples) in 2018. So anyone who anticipates having a taxable estate lower than these thresholds may be able to gift above the annual $15,000 per-recipient limit and ultimately not incur any federal estate or gift tax. Note, however, that the higher exemption amount and many of TCJA’s other changes to personal taxes are scheduled to expire after 2025, unless Congress acts to extend them.

Hardaway Axume Weir CPAs, LLP, we offer a variety of tax planning services to both businesses and individuals. Conscientious tax planning throughout the year can save you money and make tax time easier. Call us at 661-323-1514 and request a free initial consultation to learn more.

This communication is not intended to be tax advice and should not be treated as such. Each individual’s tax circumstances are different. You should contact your tax professional to discuss your personal situation.

Any deductible expense is useful because it reduces the amount of income subject to tax. But for individual taxpayers, deductions that can be claimed in arriving at adjusted gross income (AGI) — referred to as “above-the-line” deductions — are especially significant. By lowering AGI, above-the-line deductions increase your chances of qualifying for various other deductions and credits.

Alimony. Generally, payments are deductible if they were made in cash pursuant to a divorce or separation instrument. Other requirements may apply.

Traditional IRA contributions. Contributions of up to $5,500 ($6,500 for individuals age 50 or older) to a traditional individual retirement account (IRA) are potentially deductible on your 2015 return. AGI-based limitations apply if you (or your spouse) are an active participant in an employer-sponsored retirement plan.

Rental property/trade or business expenses. Expenses associated with property held for the production of rents are deductible above the line on Schedule E, whereas sole proprietors deduct their trade or business expenses above the line on Schedule C.

Student loan interest. Taxpayers may deduct up to $2,500 of interest expense on qualified higher education loans, though phaseouts apply to those at higher levels of modified AGI.

Moving expenses. Subject to certain requirements, a taxpayer who moves as a result of a change in his or her principal place of work may deduct certain costs of moving and traveling to the new residence.

Health savings account contributions. The 2015 deduction limits are $3,350 for those with self-only coverage under an eligible high-deductible health plan and $6,650 for those with family coverage. An additional $1,000 deduction is available to those 55 and older who are not enrolled in Medicare.

Self-employed taxpayers. The self-employed also may be able to deduct retirement plan contributions, qualified health insurance premiums, and a portion of their self-employment taxes.

For more help with individual or business taxes, connect with us today. Our team can help you with all your tax issues, large and small.

We invite you to request a consultation online now or call Hardaway Axume Weir CPAs, LLP at 661-323-1514 to learn more about how we can help you save money on your taxes.